Integrand size = 18, antiderivative size = 140 \[ \int \frac {1-x^4}{1+x^4+x^8} \, dx=-\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1-2 x}{\sqrt {3}}\right )+\frac {1}{4} \arctan \left (\sqrt {3}-2 x\right )+\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1+2 x}{\sqrt {3}}\right )-\frac {1}{4} \arctan \left (\sqrt {3}+2 x\right )+\frac {1}{8} \log \left (1-x+x^2\right )-\frac {1}{8} \log \left (1+x+x^2\right )-\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {3} \log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2\right )+\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {3} \log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2\right ) \]
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Time = 0.06 (sec) , antiderivative size = 140, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 19, number of rules used = 6, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.333, Rules used = {1435, 1183, 648, 632, 210, 642} \[ \int \frac {1-x^4}{1+x^4+x^8} \, dx=-\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1-2 x}{\sqrt {3}}\right )+\frac {1}{4} \arctan \left (\sqrt {3}-2 x\right )+\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {2 x+1}{\sqrt {3}}\right )-\frac {1}{4} \arctan \left (2 x+\sqrt {3}\right )+\frac {1}{8} \log \left (x^2-x+1\right )-\frac {1}{8} \log \left (x^2+x+1\right )-\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {3} \log \left (x^2-\sqrt {3} x+1\right )+\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {3} \log \left (x^2+\sqrt {3} x+1\right ) \]
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Rule 210
Rule 632
Rule 642
Rule 648
Rule 1183
Rule 1435
Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = -\left (\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1+2 x^2}{-1-x^2-x^4} \, dx\right )-\frac {1}{2} \int \frac {1-2 x^2}{-1+x^2-x^4} \, dx \\ & = \frac {1}{4} \int \frac {1+x}{1-x+x^2} \, dx+\frac {1}{4} \int \frac {1-x}{1+x+x^2} \, dx+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {3}-3 x}{1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {3}}+\frac {\int \frac {\sqrt {3}+3 x}{1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {3}} \\ & = \frac {1}{8} \int \frac {-1+2 x}{1-x+x^2} \, dx-\frac {1}{8} \int \frac {1+2 x}{1+x+x^2} \, dx-\frac {1}{8} \int \frac {1}{1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx-\frac {1}{8} \int \frac {1}{1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx+\frac {3}{8} \int \frac {1}{1-x+x^2} \, dx+\frac {3}{8} \int \frac {1}{1+x+x^2} \, dx-\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {3} \int \frac {-\sqrt {3}+2 x}{1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx+\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {3} \int \frac {\sqrt {3}+2 x}{1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2} \, dx \\ & = \frac {1}{8} \log \left (1-x+x^2\right )-\frac {1}{8} \log \left (1+x+x^2\right )-\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {3} \log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2\right )+\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {3} \log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2\right )+\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,-\sqrt {3}+2 x\right )+\frac {1}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,\sqrt {3}+2 x\right )-\frac {3}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-3-x^2} \, dx,x,-1+2 x\right )-\frac {3}{4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-3-x^2} \, dx,x,1+2 x\right ) \\ & = -\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {3} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {1-2 x}{\sqrt {3}}\right )+\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}-2 x\right )+\frac {1}{4} \sqrt {3} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac {1+2 x}{\sqrt {3}}\right )-\frac {1}{4} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt {3}+2 x\right )+\frac {1}{8} \log \left (1-x+x^2\right )-\frac {1}{8} \log \left (1+x+x^2\right )-\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {3} \log \left (1-\sqrt {3} x+x^2\right )+\frac {1}{8} \sqrt {3} \log \left (1+\sqrt {3} x+x^2\right ) \\ \end{align*}
Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.11 (sec) , antiderivative size = 129, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.92 \[ \int \frac {1-x^4}{1+x^4+x^8} \, dx=\frac {1}{8} \left (-2 \sqrt {-2-2 i \sqrt {3}} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{2} \left (1-i \sqrt {3}\right ) x\right )-2 \sqrt {-2+2 i \sqrt {3}} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{2} \left (1+i \sqrt {3}\right ) x\right )+2 \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {-1+2 x}{\sqrt {3}}\right )+2 \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1+2 x}{\sqrt {3}}\right )+\log \left (1-x+x^2\right )-\log \left (1+x+x^2\right )\right ) \]
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Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.
Time = 0.12 (sec) , antiderivative size = 87, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.62
method | result | size |
risch | \(-\frac {\ln \left (4 x^{2}+4 x +4\right )}{8}+\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\left (1+2 x \right ) \sqrt {3}}{3}\right ) \sqrt {3}}{4}+\frac {\ln \left (4 x^{2}-4 x +4\right )}{8}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\left (2 x -1\right ) \sqrt {3}}{3}\right )}{4}+\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (\textit {\_Z}^{4}-\textit {\_Z}^{2}+1\right )}{\sum }\textit {\_R} \ln \left (-\textit {\_R}^{3}+\textit {\_R} +x \right )\right )}{4}\) | \(87\) |
default | \(\frac {\ln \left (x^{2}-x +1\right )}{8}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\, \arctan \left (\frac {\left (2 x -1\right ) \sqrt {3}}{3}\right )}{4}-\frac {\ln \left (x^{2}+x +1\right )}{8}+\frac {\arctan \left (\frac {\left (1+2 x \right ) \sqrt {3}}{3}\right ) \sqrt {3}}{4}-\frac {\ln \left (1+x^{2}-x \sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt {3}}{8}-\frac {\arctan \left (2 x -\sqrt {3}\right )}{4}+\frac {\ln \left (1+x^{2}+x \sqrt {3}\right ) \sqrt {3}}{8}-\frac {\arctan \left (2 x +\sqrt {3}\right )}{4}\) | \(109\) |
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Time = 0.28 (sec) , antiderivative size = 195, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.39 \[ \int \frac {1-x^4}{1+x^4+x^8} \, dx=-\frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\sqrt {-3} + 1} \log \left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt {\sqrt {-3} + 1} {\left (\sqrt {-3} - 1\right )} + 4 \, x\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {\sqrt {-3} + 1} \log \left (-\sqrt {2} \sqrt {\sqrt {-3} + 1} {\left (\sqrt {-3} - 1\right )} + 4 \, x\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {-\sqrt {-3} + 1} \log \left (\sqrt {2} {\left (\sqrt {-3} + 1\right )} \sqrt {-\sqrt {-3} + 1} + 4 \, x\right ) - \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {2} \sqrt {-\sqrt {-3} + 1} \log \left (-\sqrt {2} {\left (\sqrt {-3} + 1\right )} \sqrt {-\sqrt {-3} + 1} + 4 \, x\right ) + \frac {1}{4} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x + 1\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{4} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x - 1\right )}\right ) - \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left (x^{2} + x + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left (x^{2} - x + 1\right ) \]
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Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.30 (sec) , antiderivative size = 148, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.06 \[ \int \frac {1-x^4}{1+x^4+x^8} \, dx=- \left (- \frac {1}{8} - \frac {\sqrt {3} i}{8}\right ) \log {\left (x + 1024 \left (- \frac {1}{8} - \frac {\sqrt {3} i}{8}\right )^{5} \right )} - \left (- \frac {1}{8} + \frac {\sqrt {3} i}{8}\right ) \log {\left (x + 1024 \left (- \frac {1}{8} + \frac {\sqrt {3} i}{8}\right )^{5} \right )} - \left (\frac {1}{8} - \frac {\sqrt {3} i}{8}\right ) \log {\left (x + 1024 \left (\frac {1}{8} - \frac {\sqrt {3} i}{8}\right )^{5} \right )} - \left (\frac {1}{8} + \frac {\sqrt {3} i}{8}\right ) \log {\left (x + 1024 \left (\frac {1}{8} + \frac {\sqrt {3} i}{8}\right )^{5} \right )} - \operatorname {RootSum} {\left (256 t^{4} - 16 t^{2} + 1, \left ( t \mapsto t \log {\left (1024 t^{5} + x \right )} \right )\right )} \]
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\[ \int \frac {1-x^4}{1+x^4+x^8} \, dx=\int { -\frac {x^{4} - 1}{x^{8} + x^{4} + 1} \,d x } \]
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Time = 0.31 (sec) , antiderivative size = 108, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.77 \[ \int \frac {1-x^4}{1+x^4+x^8} \, dx=\frac {1}{4} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x + 1\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{4} \, \sqrt {3} \arctan \left (\frac {1}{3} \, \sqrt {3} {\left (2 \, x - 1\right )}\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {3} \log \left (x^{2} + \sqrt {3} x + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{8} \, \sqrt {3} \log \left (x^{2} - \sqrt {3} x + 1\right ) - \frac {1}{4} \, \arctan \left (2 \, x + \sqrt {3}\right ) - \frac {1}{4} \, \arctan \left (2 \, x - \sqrt {3}\right ) - \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left (x^{2} + x + 1\right ) + \frac {1}{8} \, \log \left (x^{2} - x + 1\right ) \]
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Time = 0.11 (sec) , antiderivative size = 109, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.78 \[ \int \frac {1-x^4}{1+x^4+x^8} \, dx=-\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {54\,\sqrt {3}\,x}{-81+\sqrt {3}\,27{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (\frac {\sqrt {3}}{4}+\frac {1}{4}{}\mathrm {i}\right )+\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {54\,\sqrt {3}\,x}{81+\sqrt {3}\,27{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (\frac {\sqrt {3}}{4}-\frac {1}{4}{}\mathrm {i}\right )+\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {3}\,x\,54{}\mathrm {i}}{-81+\sqrt {3}\,27{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (-\frac {1}{4}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{4}\right )-\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {\sqrt {3}\,x\,54{}\mathrm {i}}{81+\sqrt {3}\,27{}\mathrm {i}}\right )\,\left (\frac {1}{4}+\frac {\sqrt {3}\,1{}\mathrm {i}}{4}\right ) \]
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